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Home > Mall Dynamic > The Development OF The Microscope -Who Invented The 1St Microscope
In the Dutch city of Middelburg in Wessel, there was a worker named Hans Martens Janssen, who grinds eyeglasses. He had two naughty children, and the brothers, like their father, also loved to tinker with all kinds of lenses. One day around 1590,
while their father was out, the two brothers started playing with lenses again. When they unconsciously attached the two lenses to each end of a copper tube and looked at the book with them, they were surprised to find that the very small comma was as big as a tadpole.
They use it to see each other's eyelashes, as thick as a small stick...
Before long, the Janssens had built a primitive compound light microscope. It consisted of three copper tubes that could slide into each other, the objective was a single convex lens, the eyepiece was a double convex lens,
and the magnification when the two movable tubes were fully closed and fully extended was 3 and 10 times, respectively, but the microscope was later lost. However, based on a replica of one they made,
they can still get the geometric dimensions of the three copper tubes: 76 mm in diameter. After further development, the Janssens built a compound microscope in 1604.
It is different from the previous microscope - the objective lens is a convex lens, the eyepiece is a concave lens, the lenses are placed at each end of a copper tube, and the magnification is only a few times. The Middleburg Scientific Society still has the microscope that the Janssens built.
This was the beginning of the controversial microscope.
The first controversial claim is that the microscope was invented by Dutchman Zacarias Ioannidis and his father.
The second controversial theory is that the Ioannidis were inspired by Galileo's compound microscope made in 1609-1610, and made the microscope after 1610. So Galileo was the inventor of the microscope.
A third argument is that Huygens, a Dutch scientist, credits Cornelius Jacobson Drebel, a Dutch engineer, inventor, and chemist, with the invention of a microscope that outperformed the Janssens.
A fourth controversial theory is that Francis Fontana of Naples, Italy, invented a microscope that performed better than the Janssens at about the same time. In addition, there are many theories about the invention of the microscope.
For example, the Dutch Metius and his son. Another example is the German astronomer Simon Marius. For example, the German astronomer Christoph Scheiner, in 1628 made of two convex lenses made a compound microscope, became the prototype of the modern microscope.
"Clear eye" - the "use" of the microscope, is to use it to observe the naked eye can not see small objects.
The first to achieve important results was the Italian astronomer and Father Giovanni Battista Odiena. His book The Eye of the Fly, published in 1644, was the first to describe in detail the structure of the eye of the fly.
In 1646, the German priest Athanasius Cores, a polymath, used a microscope to observe "small worms" in the blood of plague victims and assumed that plague was caused by microbial infection. So he suggested wearing masks, isolating the infected,
and burning the clothes of the sick to prevent the spread of the plague. However, later studies showed that the "little worms" he saw were not "microorganisms" or "Yersinia pestis," as he called them, but white and red blood cells.In 1653, French chemist, physician, and botanist Pierre Borel first used the microscope in the field of medicine.
Two Italian biologists, Malpicki and Corissa, are considered pioneers in the practice of biological microscopy. Their main objects of observation were animals and plants. For example, Malpighi discovered glomeruli, renal tubules, capillaries, and red blood cells between 1661 and 1666.
In 1628, the English medical scientist William Harvey created the theory of blood circulation. However, his theory had a fatal "missing link" - it could not prove that blood could actually pass from the arterial system to the venous system, forming a circulatory pathway.
The reason is that he did not have a microscope, by naked eye observation, can only see the end of the artery is no way out of the "blind end", so people doubted the theory of blood circulation. The discovery of capillaries not only made up for this deficiency, making it a perfect theory,
but also led to the study of "histology" as a new field of medicine; So Malpighi is known as the father of histology.
X-rays and electrons were discovered in turn at the end of the 19th century, while the electron lens theory was proposed in the late 1920s. By the early 20th century,
microscopes with higher resolution were developed as short-wavelength light beams began to be used as light sources. In the early 1930s, the transmission electron microscope (TEM) was invented by the German Ernst Ruska, and the first commercial TEM was developed by Siemens in 1939.
At about the same time, people began to develop scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then, in the late 1930s, Manfred Ardenne developed the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). On this basis, a prototype of the modern SEM was produced by Vladimir Zworykin in the early 1940s.
However, the SEM developed by Zollikin has the defect of low resolution. SEM research and development continued in Charles Oatley's laboratory at the University of Cambridge in the 1950s, and the first commercial SEM was produced by Cambridge Instruments in 1965.
Electron microscopy breaks through the limitations of light microscopy and greatly improves resolution, making it possible to observe tiny objects such as atoms.
In addition to improved resolution, people are still improving other features of the electron microscope. The development of the environmental scanning electron microscope is one such example. This microscope allows the sample chamber to be kept in a low vacuum for the observation of aqueous samples.
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